On the occasion of the beginning of 2022, “Gentleman knows” Fudan University EMBA Humanities and Business Lecture Hall is dedicated to it. Professor Zhao Dongyuan, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, academician of the World Academy of Sciences, and director of the Advanced Materials Office of Fudan University, focuses on the scientific spirit of science and looks forward to the future trend.Together with the business elites, we will start a deeper thinking of the coordinated development of people with nature, science and society.
We are in a complex and changeable and uncertain environment, facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges; only by relying on scientific innovation, can China’s manufacturing industry achieve autonomy and upgrade, real modernization, and promote a more progressive world.Fast arrival, satisfying people’s longing for a better life.
Zhao Dongyuan
Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, member of the Standing Committee of the Party Committee of Fudan University, Dean of the School of Chemistry and Materials, Chairman of the Academic Committee of the School, Chairman of the International Structural Materials Association, Academician of the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), a professor of Yangtze River, National Outstanding Youth Fund, National Outstanding Youth Fund, State NationalChief scientist of the Fund of the Natural Science Foundation of the Fund of the Communication Materials.Professor “Haoqing”, Fudan University, Director of the Academic Committee of Fudan University, Chairman of the International Structure Materials Association
Pure “science” is not productive forces, “science technology” is the productivity
In China, “science” is a foreign word.Kang Youwei was considered to be the earliest people in the country to use this concept from Japanese. Yan Fu also used this concept in the translation of “Heaven”, and then widely circulated in China through the “May 4th Movement”.
In fact, the term “science” has appeared in ancient Chinese literature. It refers to “imperial examinations” and “subjects of division”.What is closer to the concept of “science” in ancient times is “knowledge to know”. We obtain knowledge through research on objects.During the New Culture Movement, people used “Mr. Sai” to accuse science. “Mr. Sai” was the transliteration of Science, but they were not as deep as the word “science” and was widely used.
What is science?Some people say that it is a career that scientists are engaged in; and some people say that science is right, correct, true, reasonable, high -level … We often sayIt is a superficial understanding of science.Science is knowledge, truth, not general knowledge, but theoretical and systematic knowledge.The understanding of nature and social laws is science. Pure “science” is not productive forces, and science technology is productivity.
We often say “science and technology”. In fact, science and technology must be separated. Science is science, technology is technology, and science technology is the first productive forces.
“Science” has three major characteristics:
1,Discover law
Of course, this law includes social laws, including natural laws.
2,The spirit of science must have three aspects
1) Questions: Be sure to ask why, there is no why there is no theory is not science.
2) Independence: The laws discovered by the Institute of Science are “independent” in researchers and research methods and research methods; we only have scientific value only by independent scientific research.Scientific researchers must have independent ideas, and scientific research work is also independent.
3) Uniqueness: No matter who study, the laws discovered are objective, and the law of science is unique.
3,Science must be logical, quantitative, and empirical
There is no mathematics that is not scientific, so mathematics has exceeded natural science. Why is the earliest Nobel Prize for mathematics, not mathematics is not important. Many Westerners have regarded mathematics as the category of philosophy.Essence
In addition to these, there are four major characteristics of science:
It is characterized by objectivity, and must follow the actual and objective knowledge;
It must be verified, so we must use scientific experiments and scientific research methods to verify it;
Scientific knowledge must be systematic, a complete, such as such a science with its own theoretical system.
Science is developed and must have development.
Therefore, scientists continue to add and develop, so that science continues to move forward.Science itself is not purposeful. The purpose of science is to discover the law. What is the use of this law?Maybe it is useless to look at the moment.
Technology in English is Technology, Latin Technique refers to a weaving process.Technology is a means and method for transforming nature. It is a process of transforming knowledge by knowledge. Science cannot transform nature, because we just discover its laws.The technology of science is productive forces, science and technology should be completely separated.
Science and philosophy, homologous and different flow
Before the birth of modern science, science and philosophy were one.What is philosophy?It is really difficult to give a definition. I do n’t say you are confused by science. You can understand it when you say it; I do n’t say you understand the philosophy, but it ’s confused.But you can first say what is not philosophy.Philosophy is not religion, but philosophy gives people belief; philosophy is not art, but it can give people aesthetics; philosophy is not science, but also gives people truth; philosophy is not ethical, but it makes people upward.Therefore, philosophy is a very complicated problem, including the theoretical system, including the world’s fundamental and ultimate laws, and the ultimate problems require people to think.
Russell has given such a definition: “Philosophy is something between theology and visible.” This is an open space. The scientific circle delineates all the knowledge that can be determined. It can prove science with practice; others are beyond knowledge, no no knowledge, no no knowledge, no knowledgeThe method proves theology, and the philosophy is in between.As early as the 6th century AD, the Greek philosopher Taylor first refined science and philosophy from the theology. What is the first to think about the world’s so many materials?When he saw the moisture, he proposed that water is the idea of constituing all things.
In the Plato era, ancient science and philosophy gradually developed. People have found a lot of natural laws, including three corners of the triangle, which is equal to 180 degrees.There are all things, but there are many laws that are not shifted by the will of people, so he proposed metaphysics; his apprentice Aristotle first proposed that all things were first composed of materials.Although many scientific ideas proposed by Aristotle are all wrong in modern science, we still think that he is the father of ancient science, and he truly put forward the laws of material composition and material movement.His thoughts were completely different from Plato. He said, “I love my teacher, but I love the truth more.” The truth must be verified with the facts and the first time is used to test it.
After the Dark Age of the Middle Ages, the unremitting efforts of Galileo and others, and the evidence of science continued to develop.In the 17th century, the establishment of Newtonian mechanics system marked the true formation of modern western science.It must be empirical, doubtful, and unique, and it is true science.Theology is definitely the highest in the West. It cannot be verified, relying on enlightenment and confidence.
Why does China have technology without science?
It is completely different in China and the West. China has never existed such science. My personal understanding is because of the differences in regional and cultural.China can be self -sufficient in the closed farming environment, so we have always suppressed business; while the Western Greece and Hebrew “two gratitude” civilizations depend on the sea. In such a geographical location, it is impossibleIt depends on exchanges, so it is the culture of a reorganized business.Westerners like adventure, freedom, equality, and contract spirit; the Chinese nation focuses on collective collaboration and nationalism.Coupled with the different culture of the East and the West, Western art is completely pan -scientific. The sculpture of iron throwing people is already a perspective. Versailles is geometric, straight, without any layering; you see the Suzhou garden in ChinaThe sense of layering is very good, and you can continue to imagine the scene. In Li Bai’s poems, there is “the water of the Yellow River comes up”. Can you flow?Such imagination is completely a virtual, without any realistic process, and the Chinese are born with artists.
We talk about a person’s talent, and the calligraphy and calligraphy of Qinqi is all over; never saying that a person is good at math and is really talented.Science students must have no “talents”, or they have knowledge and culture.Therefore, in China, it is more than technology research. The four major inventions are completely a technology. Chinese intellectuals do not believe in the law of nature and do not evidence.Li Joseph, an expert in scientific history of Scienceand Civilisation in China, said that in the eyes of Chinese people, it is naturally that there is no order, but this order is not set by a rational person.Therefore, Chinese intellectuals are more concerned about people.
The earliest comprehensive scientific and technological work in China is “Tiantong Kaifu” in 1637, chemistry, agriculture, metallurgy, papermaking, etc. Our copper refining technique is 700 years earlier than Europe, but it records a complete method, but it is recorded, but it has recorded a complete method, but it has a complete method, but it is recorded, but it has a complete method, but it has a complete method, but it has a complete method, but it has a complete method, but it is recorded.No one knows why this copper can be made, and no one is pursuing why.Therefore, the Chinese nation can be a talented talent, but there is no scientist. “Once the rational wings are tied to the applied lead, it will never fly.”All of our discovery can be applied immediately and no longer ask why.
“Tiantong Kaifu”
China ’s science and technology have been developing like this, and the West has made rapid progress from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, the scientific revolution, and the industrial revolution.From the 1st century to the 15th century, China led 1400 years, and by around 1500, technology was completely surpassed by the West.Since modern times, science has continued to enter China from the West, and the 40 years of reform and opening up is the spring of China’s real scientific research.
I am engaged in materials. Today we have been at the forefront of the world in high -temperature superconducting nano -materials and anti -Hall effect quantum crystal materials, but we also have to see that with the sciences of hundreds of years and thousands of years in the West Compared with the research, our basic research began very late, and our understanding of the connotation of “science” is still very shallow; we lack the original scientific research results from 0 to 1, which is the pain of science in my country.
Natural science uses these theorem thinking to reveal a knowledge system in the nature of natural science. It cannot be immediately shared.Any urgent work is not helpful for the development of science.What is pure basic research?There is no practical purpose, that is, what you said earlier, it seems that there is no useful scientific law.Pure basic research does not pursue economic and social benefits. Scientific and technological research must follow the truth from the date of birth.
From the day of the birth of science, scientists have professional responsibility, social responsibility, and human responsibility.Most people say that it is a great scientist who has made wisdom. Einstein said no, it is personality, “your talent and creativity should not be a curse of human beings.”The birth of the atomic bomb has made many scientists very distressed.
Innovation is the eternal theme of scientific basic research
Knowing the purpose of science is to discover the laws of nature, so how to engage in scientific research?Scientific research is innovation. You must find new laws, new concepts, and propose new concepts and new laws.So innovation is the eternal theme of scientific basic research.If you have innovation, you must have innovative thinking, innovative imagination and creativity. Where are these?Relying on confidence, courage, courage, and vigorous, sit down the cold bench to do such things.Academician Pu Muming of the Shanghai Institute of Neurological Biological has proposed that people who engage in scientific research can be divided into three categories:
1. Explorers, dare to walk the way before, have never walked, and have never walked.
2. The tour guide has been explored, but no one else knows. Let me tell you how to go and find what has been found.
3. Most people are tourists. I followed the tour guide to do something and published a paper.
We now advocate that they are really advocating explorers. Most of the explorers are young people. They have a strong force. The newborn calves are not afraid of the tiger. You don’t need too much knowledge. If you have everything, you have no innovation.
Many of us are tour guide now, and I am also a tour guide.I studied chemistry. I was a university in 1980. Although the Chinese and politics were failed, I was admitted to the Department of Chemistry of Jilin University by “strong” science scores.I like to make porous materials the most. The desiccant that everyone usually uses is porous materials.Everyone knows micro and macro, and there is also an intermediary, between micro and macro.Jiekou is the material of 2-50 nm holes in the middle.Why do you engage in this thing?Its surface area is very large, and two grams are larger than a football field. It is very useful in catalytic, biomedical, and water treatment.In the past, I made some inorganic compounds, and I wanted to make organic polymer materials, such as conductive polymers, biopopotomyne carbon materials, diamonds, etc.Energy and catalysis will have very good applications.This process is too difficult. After countless failures, one of our undergraduates tried to use the oldest polymer phenolic resin as the front drive. After the trial was successful, we discovered that the reason for success was to return to philosophy the most primitive.Logic, simplify complex issues.In the end, we established a systematic synthesis method. The materials we made are currently the most stable molecular sieve, with thermal stability of 2000 degrees.Our research team published more than 200 papers around this topic, and the world publishes 30,000 papers in our method. Such a job will definitely cause the entire research boom.Not only can it be done in theory, we are also producing large -scale now. It really uses it to make electric vehicles, carbon catalysts, intermediates for drugs, and exhaust gas treatment.Nitrogen.Some of the materials I created are named after Fudan University FDU.
Carbon neutrality, let renewable energy development and clean oil walk away
Here are the application of some media materials in energy.Energy is the source of power for the development of the entire society. At present, China requires the carbon peak in 2030. It reaches carbon neutrality in 2060, and the pressure is very high.Looking at the structure of the world’s energy, 80%come from natural gas, oil, coal and other fossil energy sources, and the proportion of renewable energy is very low.Some people have proposed that fossil energy is a limited resource. Isn’t it just that the carpenter and plant corpse came from the carpenter?No, it was transformed by inorganic compounds at high temperatures.There is calcium carbonate marble under the earth, and the combination of carbon and water has become a hydrocarbon, so in the final analysis, it turns organic, organic becomes inorganic, and can change each other.Such a cause theory means that crude oil is inexhaustible and continuous.At present, new fossil energy is still discovered in the world.
In fact, even if fossil energy has a peak, it is not the most important crisis.Burning one ton of coal produces 3.7 tons of carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide is considered to be the main cause of atmospheric warming.From the industrial revolution to the current 200 years, the average temperature of the earth has risen by 2 degrees, and the North Pole has risen more. Although it is a controversy caused by whether carbon dioxide caused by carbon dioxide, this is indeed a very big problem.
In the future, the development of energy in the world must be the development trend of low -carbon, green, and cycle. It is necessary to establish a green and low -carbon system led by fossil energy. This is a material foundation for the human community.But at present, the proportion of renewable resources in energy consumption is very low.
Renewable energy includes solar energy, biomass energy, water energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and ocean energy. This is all first energy, but electrical and hydrogen belong to the second energy sources and need to be obtained by consuming other energy sources.The world is developing different renewable energy according to their national conditions.France is mainly nuclear power; Brazil is an agricultural country, mainly biomass energy; Germany is afraid of nuclear power, want to develop wind and light, but there are many problems in these renewable resources.The market system, the rest is the support of technological progress.
It is difficult to change our dependence on fossil energy in the short term. Therefore, the efficient use of carbon -based energy is a major problem. It cannot be used as an extensive use as before, which has a major challenge for chemistry.How to turn oil into clean oil products “eat light”, how to combine coal efficiently, efficient power generation, and multi -production (IGCC).We are trying to make a catalyst for high -efficiency transformation of energy sources.Each catalyst revolution brings the revolution of petrochemical industry.In the future, the energy must be circulated. It requires the clean conversion and utilization of carbon -based energy such as underground oil and coal. The development of new energy is also imperative. Basic research must be ahead.
How can we create such an environment so that everyone likes science and raises our traditional inductive thinking to rational thinking?This is what our Chinese nation needs to do.Of course, we need to need innovative thinking, extraordinary imagination, and a critical spirit.There is no problem of “stuck neck” in our national science. The technology does exist in the problem of “stuck neck”. Science is not.We need to advocate science, science, science, love science, and challenge innovation, and use science to accompany our dreams.
